Unusual Pets: Hedgehogs

Pet Hedgehogs are usually hybrids caused by the mating between the White-bellied Hedgehog, the Four-toed Hedgehog and the North African Hedgehog. The resultant small Hedgehog is usually referred to as the African Pygmy Hedgehog. These little mammals are friendly and curious and have a lifespan of 4 to 7 years, although individual animals may live for shorter or longer periods.

Pet Hedgehogs are quite small, about 5 to 8 inches (12.5 – 20 cm) in length with an average weight of ½ to 1 ¼ pounds (.227 - .568 Kg). However, some can be as small as 6 to 7 ounces (.170 - .198 Kg) in weight and others could be as heavy as 1 ¾ to 2 pounds (.796 -.908 Kg).

Domestic Hedgehogs are prone to obesity caused by either poor diets or lack of exercise. This frequently leads to fatty liver disease or cardiovascular disease. Pet Hedgehogs also suffer from cancer, particularly squamous cell carcinoma but, by and large, they are usually quite disease resistant.

When buying a pet Hedgehog, pick it up. Does it unroll after a few seconds? If it doesn't, it's too timid and you should consider a different one. Does it click, jump or hiss? Hissing is OK, but if it clicks, it is trying to threaten you and you should pick one with a better temperament.

Its eyes should be nice, round, beady, wide open and bright, with no sign of discharge. Its nose should be clean with no sign of running. Its ears should be short (unless it is a Long-eared Hedgehog), clean and with no sign of discharge or crustiness. Note that some young Hedgehogs may have ears that have teeth marks or chunks bitten out of their ears. This is caused by siblings fighting and is OK as long as the bites are healed.

Make sure that the Hedgehog has all of its quills and that there are no bare spots, mites, fleas or crustiness on the body.

Check the pen in which the Hedgehog is being kept. There should be no sign of green droppings or diarrhoea.

The body of the Hedgehog should be plump, but not fat and its walk should be a cross between a walk and a shuffle. There should be no sign of a wobble or any difficulty staying upright.

Make sure that there is no rattle when it breathes. Do not confuse chirping, cheeping or purring, normal noises for this animal, with the rattle of a Hedgehog with breathing problems.

Ensure that the Hedgehog you are considering is at least six weeks old before you bring it home.

The Cage.

The home for your new pet should be placed in a comfortable, warm, well lit area free from drafts and direct sunlight. It should be a minimum of 16 by 24 inches in size. An enclosed cage or aquarium should never be used as it could result in your Hedgehog becoming overly warm, suffering heat stroke and dying. The temperature for your new pet should be between 65 and 80 degrees Fahrenheit. If cooler, your Hedgehog could go into hibernation, and if warmer, as mentioned it will usually suffer a fatal heat stroke.

When you first bring your pet home, leave it undisturbed in its cage for the first day. For the rest of the first week, you can pick it up for a few minutes a couple of times a day. After that you can handle it frequently as it should be familiar enough with you that it will not become frightened. During its first month with you, your new pet will spend quite a bit of time sleeping. However, as it gets older it will become more active and interesting.

You should let your pet Hedgehog out of its cage for a few hours each day so it can get exercise and to prevent boredom. Once your Hedgehog bonds with you, it will follow you around like a dog. It can also be trained to use a litter box like a cat. Non-clumping litter is preferred, and make sure the litter box is cleaned daily.

Bedding.

Your pet's bedding should be dust free. It can consist of aspen or pine wood shavings (not sawdust), but should never be cedar shavings. Immature females and adults can also use dust free crushed corn cobs. NEVER use crushed corn cobs for immature male Hedgehogs. Shaving or corncob bedding should be 2 to 3 inches deep. You can also use several layers of inexpensive fleece material to line the cage and act as bedding. Replace bedding when it begins to smell. If using fleece material, it can be washed, dried and then returned to the cage.

Food.

Basic diet of high quality dry cat food is recommended. This can be supplemented 2 or 3 times a week with raw or cooked vegetables, meal worms, crickets, pinkies (newborn baby mice), cooked meat and fresh fruit. Only leave the supplemental food in the cage for 15 minutes and then remove it. The dry cat food can be left in the cage 24/7. Note that commercial Hedgehog food is now becoming available. This may be used, but most Hedgehog owners that I contacted felt that high quality cat food was a better alternative.

Food Bowl.

The food bowl should be 3 to 6 inches in diameter and a maximum of 3 inches tall. Heavy ceramic is recommended as it will prevent your pet from tipping it over and using it as a toy.

Water Bottle.

Use a water bottle for your pet Hedgehog (one designed for rodents or rabbits would be excellent). Never use an open dish for water for your Hedgehog. If you do, your pet will fill it with bedding material and then there won't be any water left for it to drink. It will then suffer dehydration which is usually fatal.

Hiding Place.

Your pet will enjoy having a hiding place. You can use an old plastic pitcher, a 4 inch by 12 inch piece of PVC pipe (make sure your pet can get in and out easily), or a small cardboard box like a shoe box, with a 4 inch diameter hole cut in one end. If you use a cardboard box, it should be replaced with a clean one every 2 to 3 weeks.

Toys.

Toys can be added to your pet's cage. Some people use empty toilet paper rolls, which are favoured by pet Hedgehogs, however, if you choose to use one, make sure that you slice it open from end to end on one side so that your pet cannot get its head stuck inside the roll. A Hedgehog wheel is highly recommended. This wheel will assist in keeping your pet fit and healthy.


Sexing Hedgehogs.

Female – genitals close to the anus.
Males – penis sheath ½ inch or more toward the nose from the anus.

Both males and females make great pets. However, you should never put a male and a female in the same cage unless you intend breeding them. Breeding should only take place after the female is more than 5 months of age as pregnancy earlier could result in problems and even death of the female.

After the female becomes pregnant, the male should be removed from the cage as the male will very likely kill the newborn babies. The gestation period is between 35 and 58 days, depending on the breed of your pet Hedgehog. The litter will consist of 5 or 6 babies on average.

Pet Hedgehogs are diurnal animals. This means that they are awake part of the day and part of the night. They are friendly, curious animals that require no immunization. They are usually odour free if regular cleaning of the cage is done. They are peaceful, humorous, solitary animals. They are also very intelligent and have good memories.

Hedgehogs have excellent sight and smell abilities. Their pointed little noses are constantly twitching as they sample the scents in the air around them.

When frightened, they roll into a ball protecting their soft white tummy. Their back is covered in short quills for protection. Unlike the quills of porcupines, these quills do not have barbs and they usually remain attached to the hedgehog.

As noted above, obesity is a problem, so if your pet develops “ham-hocks” for legs or has double chins, eliminate the supplemental food, and if your pet does not have a Hedgehog wheel, get one. If there is no sign of weight loss after one month, change to a dry cat food with at least 20 percent fat content. The extra fat content should cause your pet to eat less and thus lose weight. If it still doesn't lose weight, consult a veterinarian.

So, if you want a smart, friendly, cute, little pet that is fun, quiet, gentle, fairly odour free, that doesn't climb your curtains, chew your furniture, require vaccinations or daily walks, then you may want to consider a Hedgehog as your next pet.

However, be aware that some states in the USA and some Canadian municipalities have laws banning the keeping of Hedgehogs as pets, so before purchasing one, please check with local authorities.

Until next time,

Teia
PS. Hedgehogs enjoy baths. We put our pet hedgehog in about two (2) to (3) three inches of barely warm water in our bathtub every Monday, Wednesday and Friday for ten (10) minutes. Make sure the tub is clean before putting the hedgehog in and make sure that NO chemical cleaners have been used. If you are not sure, rinse the tub out thoroughly before putting the hedgehog in the tub. NOTE! the hedgehog may have a bowel movement in the tub. After the bath take your hedgehog back to its cage and thoroughly clean the tub with hot water.

Unusual Pets – The Antlion

The Antlion is a member of the family Myrmeleontoidea. Interestingly, the term Antlion only applies to the larval form of this insect (see picture one.) Although the adult version has different names in different countries, there is no English name for them. Some people call them Antlion Lacewings, but most just refer to them by the larval name of Antlion. To prevent confusion, quite a few people in North America refer to the larval form as “Doodlebugs” because they leave a doodle like trail in the sand when they move from place to place. The Antlion is spread throughout the world and can usually be found in arid sandy areas that have ant colonies nearby.

The adult Antlions look a bit like Damselflies and Dragonflies, but they have different antennae than these more well known insects. Antlions have “clubbed” antennae (look like golf clubs) which are about as long as the head and thorax combined.

Antlion adults are poor fliers and only venture out near dusk when they flutter about looking for a mate. Those found in true desert areas are quite active and will bite if they land on you.

Although the adult Antlion is fairly attractive, the larval stage is quite ferocious looking. It has a robust fusiform body (spindle like body form that tapers at each end), a thorax with three sets of legs and a plump abdomen. The neck, or pro-thorax is quite slender and the head is large and appears to resemble a slightly flattened square. The head has large sickle-like jaws with several sharp hollow projections. The jaws are formed by the mandibles (lower jawbones), and the maxillae (located below the mandibles they manipulate food during chewing.) Each pincer, made up of a mandible and maxilla, encloses a canal which allows the larva to inject venom into its prey.

Another unusual feature of Antlion larva is that it lacks an anus. All of its waste generated during the larval stage is stored and then released as meconium (earliest stool) by the adult while it is still in the cocoon.

The larva makes a globular cocoon of sand stuck together by a fine silk which is spun from a slender spinneret on the back end of the body. The cocoon, which is buried in the ground, can be anywhere from just under the surface to several centimetres down in the sand. It remains there for about a month going from the larval stage to the pupal stage which is very quiescent (inactive) and then to the sexually mature adult stage, which digs its way up to the surface, leaving the pupal integument behind. Once it reaches the surface, it rests for about 20 minutes while its wings open and then it flies off looking for a mate. The cycle from egg to adult Antlion can take up to two to three years, depending on the availability of the food supply in the area where the insect is located. Another interesting feature of this insect is that the adult stage is very much larger than the larval stage.

The Antlion probably got its name from the fact that its primary prey is ants. The suffix “lion” means eater, so Antlion literally means “ant eater.”

The larva digs a pit in the sand and lurks in a hole in the bottom of the pit which is constructed with sides that are on the verge of collapse. When another insect, usually an ant, steps over the side of the pit, they slide down to the larva which grabs the ant and sucks the fluid out of it then the larva flicks the carcass out of the pit. As the larva grows larger, it builds larger pits and catches larger prey.

If you would like to have Antlions as pets, you will have to keep them in a terrarium with three to four inches of sand in the bottom. You can buy Antlions at some pet shops that specialize in exotic pets. Make sure that the top of your terrarium has a mesh fine enough to prevent the ant food supply from escaping.

An Antlion pet is not one you would handle, they are the type of pet you just spend time watching.

Until next time,

Teia

Unusual Pets: The Red Fox

The Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) is native to North America, Eurasia and northern Africa and it was introduced into Australia in the mid 1800's. At one time foxes were confined to the the wilds, however, the expansion of cities and towns into former wilderness areas has seen the fox become more bold in recent years. It is now possible to observe them wandering the streets like stray dogs.

This small canid is most commonly an orange-red colour, with black lower legs, black ear tips and top of the tail and white underbelly and tip of the tail. However, some morphs are black or black with a white tip on the tail and some are predominately red, ranging in shades from orange-red to dark red. They range in weight from 3.6 to 7.6 Kg (7.9 - 17 pounds) depending on where they live, with the largest ones found in Canada and Alaska. Some in these locales can weigh up to 14 Kg (31 pounds). Head and body length ranges from 46 to 90 cm (18 – 35 inches) with a tail of 30 to 55 cm (12 – 22 inches). Males tend to be about 15 percent heavier than females. Foxes generally live 3 to 5 years in the wild and 12 to 15 years in captivity. Foxes are extremely fast and can reach speeds up to 72 Km per hour (45 mph). This speed aids in catching prey and evading predators.

A few years ago, a female Red Fox with a black face, ears, back and legs showed up in Creighton, Saskatchewan, where I live. It was an offspring of a dark red male fox and a black female fox that used to hang around the mine site in nearby Flin Flon, Manitoba. This little fox was very friendly and an elderly neighbour used to feed it table scraps by hand. Even though foxes are usually crepuscular and even nocturnal, this fox, which Mom and Dad called “Pretty Lady,” patrolled our town all hours of the day and night. Mom and Dad found out that she liked wieners, so they always had a big bag of bulk wieners in the fridge. This fox would frequently jump up onto our front deck and “knock” on the front door with a paw. Mom or Dad would then peel the cellophane wrapper off a couple of wieners, cut them into pieces on a paper plate and put the paper plate on the front deck. She would eat her fill and then take any leftover pieces across the street and bury them on the edge of a vacant lot. If she didn't show up by the time we had finished supper, Dad would take a plate of wiener pieces and put it on the front deck and then whistle for the fox (similar to whistling for a dog). If she was within hearing distance, she would come running down the street and jump up onto the deck for her “supper.”

One night she was a little slow showing up and when she got to our house, she began to cry like a baby. Mom and Dad went to see what the problem was and discovered that a neighbour's cat was eating the wiener pieces. Dad chased the cat away and the fox jumped up onto the deck beside him and began eating.

I guess the Natural Resources officer felt that the fox was getting too tame, because when spring arrived, he caught her in a live trap and took her 300 Kilometres out into the northern forest.

Last fall an older Red Fox showed up on our back deck one day. She had a big scar on her face starting near her left nostril and curving up over her nose and ending at the top of the right eye socket which was empty and badly scarred. Mom and Dad began feeding her and she became a nearly daily visitor. She wasn't quite as tame as “Pretty Lady,” but she was bold enough to climb through our gate and come onto the deck for food. She also liked wieners, but she would eat any meat or fish scraps we had on hand. She kept coming until March, when she went back into the forest. We all hope she comes back in the fall.

If captured at a young age, Red Foxes will make good domestic pets, however, in many areas, it is against the law to own a wild animal as a pet, so before considering getting a fox as a pet, check with your local authorities so that you don't find yourself in court.

Until next time,

Teia

Unusual Pets: The Leopard Gecko

The natural habitat of the Leopard Gecko (Eublepharis macularius) is the dry grasslands and desert regions of southern Afghanistan, Pakistan, parts of Iran, north west India and Vietnam. However, since it has become in great demand in the pet industry, domestic breeding is taking place in numerous countries around the world.

This nocturnal reptile emerges from under rocks or from dry burrows to hunt for insects at dusk. This Gecko is unique in that it is the only one to have movable eyelids, which helps it to keep its eyes clean in the dusty environment of its natural habitats. In addition, the Leopard Gecko is the only Gecko to have claws on its toes instead of the usual adhesive toe pads that all other Geckos possess. These claws aid the Leopard Gecko in digging insects out of the ground and in digging burrows to shade them from the burning sun.

At birth, the Leopard Gecko has no spots. Instead the body has alternating dark and light yellow bands as shown in photo one above. As the Leopard Gecko ages, these bands fade and by one year of age, the spotted body of an adult appears (see photo two above).

Like most lizards, the Leopard Gecko can release its tail if it is frightened or grabbed by a predator. The detached tail will continue to wiggle and thrash about which distracts the predator, frequently allowing the Leopard Gecko to scamper to freedom. A new tail will grow in about 40 days, however, the new tail is usually shorter and bulbous. It is therefore recommended that owners of Leopard Geckos refrain from grabbing their lizard by the tail as they will probably be left holding a spasmodic appendage.

The Leopard Gecko also uses its tail as a fat storage container. Every time a Gecko eats, it converts some of its food into fat which it stores in its tail. When food is unavailable, the Leopard Gecko uses the stored fat for nutrition, keeping it alive for several weeks. A healthy Leopard Gecko will have a tail that is wider than its neck and almost as long as its body.

Pet Geckos can be housed in aquariums, terrariums or vivariums. Depending on the number of lizards you have, the size of the tank will have to increase. Be careful what you use as a bottom covering. Leopard Geckos frequently miss their prey when they strike and end up with a mouth full of bottom substrate. If they swallow this bottom covering, it could impact in their intestines, frequently with fatal results. This is why many Leopard Gecko owners put newspaper, wrapping paper, paper towels, floor tiles or indoor/outdoor carpet on the bottom of their tanks. Mom and dad use indoor/outdoor carpet for “Sarah” their female Bearded Dragon.

Leopard Geckos should be fed insects such as crickets, meal worms and grasshoppers (from a pesticide free area), although any insect that is smaller in size than the width of your pet's head can be considered. Pinkies (baby mice without fur) can be fed occasionally but they tend to cause your lizard to become fat. However, breeding females can be fed pinkies regularly as it helps them produce healthy eggs. All insects given to your Leopard Gecko should be dusted with vitamin and calcium powder every second feeding for adults and every feeding for juveniles and babies. Feed babies and juveniles every day and adult Leopard Geckos every two or three days. You should also consider gut loading your insects with fruit, vegetables, grains, oats and seeds to ensure that your Gecko gets proper nutrition. Do not leave live insects in your pet's tank after he has finished eating. They could bite the lizard and cause an infection. Your tank should also contain a shallow water dish which should be cleaned daily to prevent algae and mold growth.

Leopard Geckos live about 15 years, although a few will live longer, with the oldest recorded one living to the age of 25 years. Breeding females usually have a shorter lifespan.

Your Leopard Gecko's tank should be equipped with a heat lamp at one end and a cooler area at the other. The heat lamp should be situated so that your lizard cannot come into contact with it as the lizard would be badly burned if contact is made. One area of your tank should have high humidity as this aids your lizard when he sheds his skin, which occurs frequently when he is growing and from one to three times a year when full growth has be attained. If the skin is too dry when shedding begins, the skin sticks to the body, particularly to the legs and toes. It could then restrict the flow of blood to these extremities resulting in loss of these digits.

Your Leopard Gecko will grow to a length of 8 or 9 inches, although some have grown as long as 11 inches. Do not put two male Leopard Geckos in the same tank as they they will fight. Because Leopard Geckos are nocturnal creatures, your tank should have hiding structures in both the cool and hot ends of the tank. These hiding places allow your lizard to sleep in a “safe” place during the day. DO NOT put a “hot rock” in your Leopard Gecko's tank as it could cause your lizard to be badly burned.

Leopard Geckos can be picked up and held, just be sure that you don't pick them up by the head or tail as they will panic. The best way to do it is to slowly slide you hand under the Gecko and slowly lift it up. Leopard Geckos seldom bite unless they are seriously provoked. Try not to move too fast when near your Leopard Gecko's tank so that you don't frighten him. If you would like to have an easy to care for lizard as a pet, then a Leopard Gecko is a great choice.

Until next time,

Teia

Unusual Pets: Peafowl

Peafowl belong to the Phasianidae (Pheasant) family. There are two species of Peafowl, the Green Peafowl and The Indian Peafowl. The Green Peafowl is native to Myanmar, Thailand and China and the Indian Peafowl or Blue Peafowl is native to India. The males, called Peacocks, are famous for their glamorous tail and the crown on their head. The females are known as Peahens and are brown or grey and brown in color.

Green Peafowl are on the verge of extinction because of massive hunting and depletion of their natural habitat. Green Peafowl have three subspecies called P. M. muticus, P. M. imperator and P. muticus, however, some breeders claim that there are actually more subspecies. Green Peafowl are more expensive to buy as they are not available on a large scale and they are very temperature sensitive. The Indian Peafowl are hardy and are less expensive to purchase. They are quite popular with breeders and can be found in most places in the world, including North America.

When in full plumage, the tail of the Peacock is a beautiful sight. It fans its tail to attract females. The male will also call out to the female with a unique vocal sound, which is quite loud and difficult to describe. The first time mom and dad heard a Peacock they were startled by the sound.

The feathers of the Peacock are sold all over the world. At one time, Peafowl were fancied for their meat. However, when turkeys were domesticated for meat, Peacocks were only kept as pets. They were first kept as exotic pets in China and later in Europe. Peacocks have been a symbol of pride and good luck for many.

Pet owners who have bought a Peacock because of their beautiful tail, should pair it with a Peahen. Without a Peahen around to impress, the male will not spread its tail. Most Peacocks have plumage which is green, or blue green in colour. The upper feathers are very elongated and there are a series of eyes, which look very beautiful when the tail is fanned. The more rare Green Peafowl have plumage that is brilliant green and a golden colour, but the upper feathers are shorter in length.

Peafowl are very easily to maintain. They do not develop illnesses easily because they have natural resistance to many diseases. Peafowl, which are kept in areas that have very cold climates have to be housed in heated buildings when the temperature goes below zero degrees Centigrade. Friends of mom and dad have a family of Peafowl at their petting zoo adjacent to their Bed and Breakfast north of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, which certainly has extremes in temperature. Wind chill temperatures here can drop as low as minus sixty to minus seventy degrees in the winter and temperatures as high as ninety-five to one hundred and five degrees Fahrenheit in the summer are quite common. Because their Peafowl are housed in the barn in the winter and kept in the shade in the summer, they have no problems at all, although they do have to keep an eye out for packs of coyotes looking for a tasty meal. However, Peafowl do best in temperate climates. They must be protected from temperature extremes or they could either freeze to death or die from heat exhaustion.

Peafowl are omnivorous and feed on mixed grains, flowers, green leafy vegetables and game bird crumbles. In the wild, Peafowl are known to hunt and eat insects, amphibians, reptiles and arthropods. When on a healthy diet they can live for many years. They are usually allowed to roam in an open garden. For healthier breeding, they should be given freedom of movement. They can be kept in pens with closed tops, but if penned, they should be let out daily for exercise. If this is not possible, then the pen they are kept in should be extremely large. In captivity, they need lots of room to roam about, because they enjoy this kind of exercise. Another reason is that they are inquisitive pets, so they need lots of space to satisfy their curiosity. They should have a house or barn that has facilities for warming and it should be insulated, in case of a temperature drop. Peafowl should be left on their own with minimum human interference. They can be mixed with other poultry, as they are very safe pets. They do not attack any bird, animal or human. However, cats and dogs can attack the Peafowl. As mentioned above, coyotes enjoy Peafowl meals, so if you live in an area that has coyotes, you will have to be especially careful.

Peahens nest on the ground, although they stay on low raised branches most of their lives. Peahens take care of the Peachicks for only a short time after which they drive them away. The Peachicks can then be brought up in an electric brooder like any other poultry. Because of their hardiness and intelligence, when compared to other pet birds, they are very easy to breed and raise. Peafowl are also known as urban guard dogs because they make warning cries when they see strangers approaching the premises. Their high-pitched vocals can be disturbing in a densely inhabited area.

Until next time,

Teia

Rabbit Care and Tips

See the April 12, 2009 post titled “Unusual Pets - Rabbits” and the July 22, 2009 post titled “Building Housing for Pet Rabbits” for further information on these great pets.

Pets complete a home for both single people and families. Children often desire pets more than adults do, as they think animals are cute and fun to have. Adults, of course, know the work required. Like any pet, rabbits need care. They need to go to the veterinarian, be fed and watered daily and have their home cleaned. When you decide to purchase a rabbit, you need to know exactly what is required.

Before I get into your rabbit’s needs, you will want to know the types of rabbits that are available. The most common types of rabbits sold as pets are cottontail, dwarf and lop eared rabbits. The dwarf rabbit is small and should be kept indoors. Cottontails are not as sensitive to the weather and can be housed outside in moderate climates. Lop eared rabbits have long floppy ears and like cottontails grow to a good size. The type of rabbit you wish to have for a pet will determine the care needed.

Like cats and dogs, rabbits require shots from the veterinarian to keep them in good health. People carry diseases that can harm animals if they do not wash their hands before and after they handle their pet. Rabbits can be susceptible to worms and other dietary parasites so it is important to take your rabbit for its veterinarian visit when needed. Speak with a veterinarian about your rabbit’s care and any questions you may have before you complete your purchase.

Rabbits eat pellets, hay and some vegetables. Most rabbits like to munch on carrots or lettuce as a treat. You want to feed your rabbit every day to ensure it is receiving the proper amount of food. Unlike cats that eat when they are hungry, a rabbit can over eat and become over weight. Some commercial feed for rabbits contain nuts; however, these foods are typically not good for your rabbit as they are too high in fibre. You can feed your rabbit fruit as a treat, but you should not do so daily as the sugar in fruit could cause health problems.

Housing for a rabbit can be in your home or if you wish to keep them outside, a wooden cage will work. Most outside cages are designed to let the waste fall through so your rabbit(s) are not sitting on it or laying on it. The cage should be built large enough to house an adult rabbit with bedding spread out to make a nice little home. They should be given plenty of water and have it changed daily. Having a fenced backyard for your pet rabbit is a great idea. They can roam, under supervision, for a little exercise, which all pets need. Do not leave your rabbit unattended, even in a fenced back yard. In the time it takes you to go to the washroom and return to the back yard, your rabbit can dig a hole under the fence and be gone. Tame rabbits have no defence against dogs, large hawks or eagles. They are also easy pray for coyotes, feral cats, racoons and foxes.

You should clean your rabbit cage at least once a week or more often, depending on how messy or smelly it becomes. Your rabbit needs a clean environment to eliminate the possibilities of disease. An important factor in having a rabbit that lives a long life is its environment.

Rabbits with their fuzzy cottontails or floppy ears are some of the cutest pets you can own. They are a medium maintenance pet. With proper feeding and environmental care, you can have your rabbit for 5 to 10 years. Your children will enjoy showing off their pet rabbit to all their friends and beg you to take her to show and tell. I do not think that this is a good idea. Rabbits do not handle stress well. Being in a room full of children who want to touch and hold her is quite stressful and could cause your pet to become ill.

There are a couple of things you have to watch for that are seldom mentioned in rabbit books or by your vet. When female rabbits go into season (become ready for breeding), they will pull hair from their chest to make a nest. Frequently they swallow some of this hair, which like a cat, will form a hairball in their stomach. If your female rabbit begins to look lethargic, get her to a vet immediately. She could have a hairball, which if untreated, could be fatal.

If you have male rabbits, when they go into season, similar to a male dog, they will begin to spray their cage and any nearby furniture. Therefore, at this time, it is advisable to restrict them to their cage until their season is over. During this time, you will have to wash their cage more frequently as their urine is quite smelly. From experience, mom and dad recommend that you get a female rabbit if you decide to get a rabbit for a pet.

I feel that pets are needed to complete a family. As mentioned in one of the previous posts listed above, rabbits are great pets and can provide you with countless hours of entertainment and affection.

Until next time,

Teia

Unusual Pets: Ferrets

Even though Ferrets have been kept as pets for over 2500 years, they are rare pets to own. Most people choose dogs, cats, birds, or fish to complete their family, however a select few turn to the Ferret for its social, playful, curious qualities. Ferrets love to play and explore not only with other Ferrets and their owners, but also on their own. For this reason, you need to know a few things on how to take care of a Ferret.

Pros of owning a Ferret

1. Ferrets are very affectionate pets and form deep bonds with both their owners and any other Ferrets in the home.

2. They are easy to train to use a litter box.

3. They are very smart animals and fun to be with.

Cons of owning a Ferret

1. Ferrets are not recommended for families with young children (see below about their biting habits) as they are easily injured if dropped or squeezed.

2. Your home will have to be Ferret-proofed (see below).

3. Ferrets will crawl into reclining furniture or any furniture that has an opening, which means that they could be killed if the reclining furniture is raised or lowered while the Ferret is inside.

4. Ferrets are prone to cancer and heart disease, so veterinarian bills could be expensive.

5. Ferrets are fairly short lived with the average lifespan being six to eight years although some will live as long as 10 years with proper care and nutrition.

6. Ferrets require several hours of “out of cage” exercise to remain healthy.

As pet lovers, you will want to Ferret proof your home before you introduce them as pets. They will crawl into walls, furniture and anywhere they can get their little bodies. It is much like childproofing a home for a baby. Extension cords must be eliminated and electrical cords to lamps, electronics, appliances, etc. must be unplugged before you let your Ferret(s) out of the cage for playtime.

Ferrets are frequently biters. The kits, baby Ferrets, tend to bite more that mature Ferrets. Biting is part of their behaviour as it makes up part of their play fighting. Younger Ferrets tend to bite more when they are teething and do not mean any harm. For this reason, you will want to handle your Ferret(s) as often as possible to help reduce this biting behaviour. Often those who do not take the time or have the patience to train their Ferret end up leaving the animal in its cage and thus it has a shorter lifespan. Please make sure you are up to the task of training a Ferret before brining one into your home. Trained properly, they can be as great a pet as cats or dogs. In fact, a lady who runs a Ferret rescue group in Atlantic Canada advises that Ferrets capture your soul, while dogs and cats only capture your heart. However, you must remember that they are ingenious at getting out of their cage, so make sure that the cage is properly secured before leaving home or you are liable to come home to an open cage and find that your Ferret has chewed through the drywall and made a nest between your wall studs.

Ferrets are carnivores so they require a high protein diet. Most owners feed their pet Ferret mice, rats, rabbit and other raw meats such as chicken, beef or veal. Some pet stores carry commercially made types of Ferret food that many owners choose over the live food. Carefully read the label to ensure that the food has the high protein needed. If nothing else is available, kitten food can be used if it is made with high protein (32% or more) and 16% fat. Do not use any commercial food that contains carbohydrates because Ferrets cannot digest them.

While play is an important part of your Ferret’s life so is sleep. Most Ferrets spend fourteen to eighteen hours a day sleeping and they particularly like to sleep in hammock style beds. Part of that sleeping is to rejuvenate them from the active play life they have. They love to explore and to play with toys. Many pet stores have toys for Ferrets, or you might have something around the house that your Ferret will find appealing.

The type of cage is important. Multi-level cages are preferred. Ferrets tend to be very smart so you will need a cage with a very small space between the bars. The cage should also provide plenty of air. You should also clean the cage once or twice a week, depending upon the number of Ferrets you have and how dirty the cage looks. Ferrets love to burrow, so some type of bedding is required. The pet store where you purchase your Ferret should be able to recommend the best type of bedding for your Ferret.

Ferrets are little balls of fur that love to play and interact with humans and each other. While there are some special concessions you need to make to have a Ferret, the results are worth it. Proper training as a kit will ensure that you have even more joy when they reach adulthood.

Until next time,

Teia

Unusual Pets: Tortoises

Tortoises are turtles which live on land and belong to the reptile family of the order Testudines. Like their cousins the sea turtle, they have a shell to protect them from predators. The top part of the shell is known as the carapace and the bottom side is known as the plastron. Tortoises have both an exoskeleton and an endoskeleton. They are active during the day and early evening and tend to be reclusive animals.

Because there are many types of Tortoises, ranging in size from a few centimetres to two meters, prior to considering one for a pet, a prospective owner should do a lot of research into the type of Tortoise she or he is interested in acquiring.

Different species of Tortoises have different diet requirements. Most of them are herbivores, meaning that they feed on grasses, weeds, leafy greens, alfalfa, clover, dandelions, flowers and certain fruits. It is not recommended that they be fed Tortoise pellets as these pellets contain too much protein which can lead to medical problems. Because Tortoises require extra calcium, calcium carbonate can be ground up and sprinkled on their greens.

Tortoises are also temperature sensitive. Usually it is a good idea to bring your Tortoise indoors at night. And when the weather is cold, they should be kept inside. But this can be a big problem if the Tortoise is large in size. Some species also hibernate during winter. This can be really stressful for the animal as well as the owners. The owners should provide the pet with hibernation facilities, otherwise the pet will suffer from stress and could even die.

If your Tortoise is large, a pen can be constructed in the yard, where the Tortoise can live (provided that your climate is within the temperature ranges for the species of Tortoise that you own). The pen should be really strong and the fences should be buried deep as some Tortoises have a tendency to dig. They are also very strong reptiles. They can easily break weaker walls. In addition, some Tortoises are good climbers, so the pen should also be provided with a roof. The roof also saves the Tortoise from other dangers such as dog bites and bird attacks. The owner must check for possible threats to the pet within the pen itself. Some plants can be harmful if the Tortoise feeds on them. So, make sure that only edible plants are kept in the pen.

Your Tortoise should be provided with water, but the water body should be shallow, so that the Tortoise doesn’t drown in it. Things which are sharp or which can be chewed and not digested by your Tortoise shouldn’t be kept in the pen. Try and ensure that your Tortoise does not have anything which it can climb. If it slips and falls onto its back, it may not be able to right itself and this could prove to be fatal.

Some species grow really big, so this factor should be considered while building the pen. In fact, this factor should be considered when first buying the Tortoise. Different species grow to different sizes; have different dietary habits, living conditions and temperature adaptability. Beginners should certainly go for a captive bred Tortoise, as they are less troublesome than the ones that come directly from the wild. Also when Tortoises are captured from the wild and transported, there are chances that they can fall ill or even die because of high levels of stress. Also wild Tortoises carry a wide range of parasites, which can be harmful for the owner as well as the Tortoise and other pets in the home. When the potential owner thinks of buying a Tortoise, it should get thoroughly examined for parasites and other diseases by a veterinarian.

Tortoises prefer to stay alone. Unless you plan on breeding Tortoises, a female Tortoise is not a good idea and two male Tortoises should never be kept together as they can fight and injure each other very seriously. Tortoises have a very long lifespan. Some can live up to 150 years. Therefore, there can be the possibility of the pet outliving the owner, so the owner should have everything planned and should make a lifetime commitment when considering getting a Tortoise as a pet.

Until next time,

Teia

Unusual Pets: Tigers

Every time dad thinks of Tigers, he recalls attending the Clyde Beatty Circus as a child. The biggest feature at the show was the animal trainer. He was an older man dressed in a fancy gold uniform and he carried a large whip and had a revolver strapped to his hip. The cage in which he performed was about 30 feet in diameter. There were seven pedestals lined up across the middle of the cage. Leading from the outside of the tent and connected to the cage was a heavy steel tunnel. The announcer introduced the animal trainer, whose name dad can’t recall, and then said, “He will be working with six Lions and one Bengal Tiger. The Bengal Tiger is the largest of all Tigers and the most fierce. You will notice that the trainer is an older man. Very few trainers live to be his age. He learned early in his career never to turn his back on a Tiger because even if they appear tame, they never really get tamed. They will always remain a wild beast and very unpredictable.” The show was very good and the trainer got the animals to do many neat tricks. Near the end of the show, one of the Lions started to act up. The trainer was standing near the Tiger at the time. He turned slightly toward the Lion and in the blink of an eye the Tiger lunged for him. He dropped to the ground and the Tiger sailed over top of him. He quickly got back to his feet and cracked his whip near the Tiger’s back end. The Tiger became quite unruly, so one of the employees standing near the tunnel opened the gate and the trainer used his whip to chase the Tiger into the tunnel which was then closed. The trainer got the Lions back to their places and finished the show. After the trainer got out of the animal cage, he went to the announcers booth and got the microphone (this was in the days before remote mikes were invented) and told the crowd that the incident with the Tiger was not part of the show. He advised that the big cat was becoming too hard to handle and that it would no longer be part of the show. Arrangements would be made for it to be sent to a zoo or wild animal park in the United States.

Tigers are felines which are extremely popular among pet lovers who have immense passion for exotic animals. At the same time they are also the most dangerous of all the exotic pets. In the first place, it is really difficult to get a permit to keep them as pets. And even if you get the permit, you have to face other issues like finance, responsibility, threats and regulatory issues so much so that even the local Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals inspector drops by every now and then to inspect the animal and the living conditions you provide for your Tiger. And, you mustn’t forget about PETA, the People for Ethical Treatment of Animals group which will be a constant thorn in your side with constant harassment, rallies and legal challenges to your right to own a Tiger. Although owing a Tiger sounds impressive, it is more like trying to build a castle on sand, everything is always sliding around, with public opinion and legal requirements frequently changing. A good example of this is the current uproar concerning the place that an aging elephant at the Edmonton zoo should spend her remaining years of life. PETA, celebrities and special interest groups feel she should be sent to a wild animal park in the United States where there are other elephants while the zoo staff feel she should remain where she has spent most of her life.

You should understand the challenges you will have to undergo during the whole process. First, you should work as a volunteer at a zoo which has adult Tigers to understand what you are letting yourself in for. Cubs may be cute and cuddly, but a full grown Tiger is another thing all together.

Cubs usually like to cuddle and sleep with humans around. They can be fed with milk bottles like a human baby. They need to be taken out for a walk, frequently. They won’t complain if you keep other pets along with them. Tigers like to play wild games around the house. They attack a piece of furniture multiple times and drag it from one corner to another because of their wild hunting instincts. They will get companionship from your other pets and will enjoy playing both inside the house as well as outside. Problems arise when the Tiger outgrows your other pets, as it will start biting and attacking the weaker ones. At this point, your growing Tiger should be moved out of the house and into a bigger cage. The expense for building a larger cage will be huge. When full grown, your Tiger will need a cage which is at least eighty-seven feet long, fifty feet wide and thirty feet tall. A small swimming pool, shade trees and a warm comfortable “den” should also be built for it.

Another thing that you must consider is that when they are full grown they become very heavy and you will find it difficult to take it outside for a walk. At 13 feet in length and weighing around 600 pounds you will find it impossible to manage it on a leash. The animal will then begin to miss its freedom and will probably get aggressive and start roaring a lot. To keep your Tiger occupied, you can place things strategically, so that the animal gets involved in the activity of sniffing for new things and for its food. Your Tiger can be given toys to play with, but the toys won’t last for long and should be replaced by new ones frequently. The Tiger may even throw the toys outside its cage. You should get the toys and give them back so it can play again. When you leave the house, even for a while, the Tiger should be securely locked within the cage. You don’t want to take any chances that it can break out and attack humans in the neighbourhood.

Around 18 months of age, your Tiger will shed its baby teeth and grow four inch canines. That’s when most owners freak. Up until that point it is usually still thought of as a tamed animal, but when you see those huge teeth you know that the wild predator will always dwell in the animal. At this point most owners no longer go inside the cage to feed the animal and even if they do, they carry pepper spray along with them. Special protective measures should be taken to ensure the safety of not only people in the area, but your own family as well.

One of the most hectic parts of keeping a Tiger is cage cleaning. There are chances of algae growth in damp areas which requires a lot of scrubbing. The old hay bedding should be changed weekly, which will start to make a large pile of hay that must be disposed of and then there is smelly animal droppings which must be removed from the cage daily and disposed of. In addition, the water in the swimming pool should be replaced often. Because Tigers are fed with whole animals, the remains have to be removed frequently as they will begin to decay fairly rapidly, especially during the summer.

So, as you can see, keeping a Tiger as a pet is a big responsibility, expensive and dangerous. In my opinion, if you are really interested in Tigers, you should apply for a part time job at a zoo that has proper facilities to look after Tigers. In that way you can interact with them, but you won’t have the problems associated with owning one.

Until next time,

Teia

Unusual Pets: Sugar Gliders

Sugar gliders are marsupials belonging to Indonesia, Australia and New Guinea. They are small gliding possums and weigh from three to five ounces. They have silky fur usually pearl grey in colour with patches of cream and black. The black colour is usually on their ears and end of their tail. They are named sugar gliders because they eat sweet sap, pollen and nectar and are able to glide because of the skin membrane (called the patagium) which connects the first toe of the hind foot with the fifth finger of the forelimb, on either side. They expand them to create an aerodynamic plane to glide from one tree to another. Apparently they can glide up to 50 meters (approximately 162.5 feet).

Sugar gliders have the habit of nibbling on each other. This shouldn’t be confused with biting. They nibble to do many things, like testing food, to show affection, to exhibit force, to groom, etc. Babies initially are taught by biting. When sugar gliders are angered, they get aggressive and bite really hard. So, new owners should be alert until the pets become familiar with them and stop biting. Care should be taken that this biting shouldn’t turn into a habit. If it turns into a regular behaviour, you should hold the animal firmly when it bites so that it cannot move. It doesn’t care for this. Although it could take quite a while, the pet will eventually get over its natural instinct. It should also be released very slowly; otherwise it will bite again and flee. Also, they can be fed with some tasty food to reward them for learning that they are not to bite. They can become very affectionate with their owners if they are shown a lot of attention. Usually female sugar gliders are difficult to tame, especially those which come directly from the wild.

Sugar gliders come from a very wild and exotic environment. Therefore, they should be provided with a rich environment so that they don’t become emotionally upset. The cage should be quite large so that they can leap freely. Small cages hinder the health of the animal. They are also very active and need exercise. Their cage should be equipped with toys like exercise wheels with a diameter of eleven inches. They are also very inquisitive animals, so new things like cardboard boxes, should be introduced into their cage from time to time to prevent boredom. Their food can also be placed in different places to keep them entertained. Food can also be hidden in branch holes, so that they can dig it out. Their favourite food is the sweet sap of certain types of acacia, gum and eucalyptus trees, although they also eat insects and small vertebrates.

The cage of sugar gliders should be cleaned every week to ensure that it remains hygienic. The urine should be spot cleaned as the ammonia in it can be very harmful to the respiratory system of sugar gilders. Also, the moisture can encourage the growth of harmful fungus. If the cage isn’t cleaned for a long time, not only will the occupants become sick, but the house in which the cage is located will also be filled with a strong odour. While cleaning the cage it should be sprayed with disinfectant, so that all germs and bacteria are killed. When doing this, the sugar gliders, their toys, dishes etc. should be removed from the cage. Once the disinfectant has been wiped off, the animals can be returned to their cage. Then each toy and other item removed from the cage should be disinfected, wiped clean and then returned to the cage. Make sure that the disinfectant is thoroughly cleaned off everything so that the chemicals don’t harm your pets.

Sugar gliders are used to living in groups. Because of this, they should never be kept alone as pets, as this will adversely affect their health. They also require attention from their owners so that they bond and become tame and affectionate to all the humans in the home.

They cling onto each other when they sleep, so that they can keep warm. They communicate with each other by squeaking, chirping and barking. They have a good memory and will retain a grudge against anyone who has hurt them, even if it was caused by accident.

Females have the ability to beget offspring every seven to ten months. They give birth to one or sometimes two baby sugar gliders, which usually weigh only 0.2 grams, after sixteen days of pregnancy. After the birth, the baby shifts to the mother’s pouch, where it stays for seventy days and feeds on milk from the nipples. Both the mother and father have equal participation in bringing up their offspring. Captive sugar gliders can live up to fifteen years, whereas in the wild, most newly independent offspring die before they reach the age of one year.

Because of their popularity as pets, a number of breeding farms have surfaced in the United States. These farms, many similar to puppy breeding mills, supply the pet trade in North America. Australia has strict laws on the exporting of all species of native animals, birds, lizards, reptiles, flora and fauna. Wild species of this animal can be obtained from other countries where they are one of the native species. As noted above, the wild born animals, particularly the females, are much more difficult to tame.

Before considering the purchase of sugar gliders as pets, check with your local and national authorities to make sure that they are legal to have where you live. Having exotic pets is very closely monitored and regulated in most countries because if they get loose, they could cause major damage to the local ecology. Just ask the Australians, who have major problems with the rabbits that well meaning British visitors released there many years ago. Or you can ask anyone living on southern Vancouver Island about the Ontario bull frogs that an ex-Ontario resident brought to his back yard pond. These bull frogs, which have no natural predators on Vancouver Island have expanded like wild fire. Everywhere they go, they kill the small native frogs and overwhelm the ponds and swamps. So, if you are an exotic pet owner or want to become one, please be a responsible owner. Or, check with the authorities in Florida where careless owners of Burmese Pythons released them causing a state disaster. It is now estimated that there are over one hundred thousand of these snakes in the state wiping out many of the native species of wildlife and posing a severe threat to people and their pets. No one wants an ecological disaster caused by carelessness.

Until next time,

Teia

Unusual Pets: Stick Insects

Stick Insects belong to the Phasmatodean Family. Other insects that also belong to the same family are Leaf Insects, Ghost Insects, and Walking Sticks. There are nearly twenty-eight hundred species within the Phasmatodean Family. The striking feature of this family is that the species have a body structure which helps them to blend in with their surroundings. Stick Insects belong to areas having tropical climates. Some Stick Insects have wings. Stick Insects that are kept as pets can grow up to four inches long and can live up to one year.

Among all the insects which are kept as pets, Stick Insects are the most desirable. Some of the favourites are Indian Stick Insects, Vietnamese Thorny Stick Insects and Pink Winged Flying Stick Insects. They are all desirable because they are low maintenance and because of their unique appearance. Their surroundings in captivity should be similar to that of their native surroundings. The temperature and humidity should match exactly with their original habitat.

Also the food resources provided to them should be close to the foliage available to them in their natural habitat. Their diet can also be supplemented with Blueberries, which are among the most favourable alternate foods of Stick Insects. Other supplemental foods that they can be given are raspberries, ivy leaves, oak leaves, privet leaves and hawthorn leaves. These insects can be kept in a vivarium or a circular jar, which has some small holes drilled into the solid top. The width of the jar should be at least three times the length of the insect and it should be tall in height. The holes shouldn’t be so big that the insect can escape through the holes. To be extra careful, a net can be placed over the holes, to completely prevent the insects from escaping. The jar or vivarium can contain some ivy, bramble and privet stems and leaves.

The temperature within their container should be maintained as close to the temperature of their native habitat as possible. At night the temperatures can be lowered to the high sixties Fahrenheit. The humidity within the vivarium or jar should also be close to that of their homeland. Stick Insects are very fragile insects and should be handled with extra care. A water container can also be placed in the jar or vivarium each day and the insect should be allowed to drink from it, but only under careful supervision as the insect can fall into the water and drown.

Stick Insects shed their skin often. Once they shed their skin, they eat it. When the insect sheds for the sixth time, it indicates that the insect has reached sexual maturity. All of the Indian Stick Insects are female as they reproduce by parthenogenesis or the eggs are laid and they do not need fertilization by a male. Owners that are interested in breeding can spray water on the eggs and wait till they hatch. After the eggs are hatched, offspring can be managed with the help of paintbrushes. Sometimes the tail has some remains of the egg, which can be gently brushed off with the help of the paintbrush. Also, care must be taken to not to leave pools of water as there can be a chance of insects drowning in them. Owners that aren’t interested in breeding should completely destroy the eggs by boiling, burning, or crushing them. This is to prevent them from hatching outside of the jar or vivarium.

These insects should not be let out from captivity into the wild. Since they do not belong to your environment, there is a possibility that they can harm the ecosystem by reproducing young ones. Insects which dwell in environments other than their natural habitats, are known as pests. In United States, Indian Walking Stick Insects are classified as plant pests. Therefore, a special permit is needed to import them.

As a matter of fact, no matter where you live, if you are thinking of importing insects, please ensure that you check with local and national authorities to determine if it is legal and what type of permits are needed.


Until next time,

Teia

Unusual Pets: Snakes

Snakes are limbless, cold-blooded and scaly reptiles belonging to the order of Squamata. Keeping Snakes as pets can be easy only if their requirements are understood completely. Their needs are different from other reptiles. Owners must also understand that some of them grow very large and can become dangerous with the passage of time. There are different types of Snakes available for pet owners with different preferences. Every Snake has a different diet and needs a different environment to live in. Snakes, which are kept as pets, range from the common Garter Snake to Pythons. Snakes sometimes live for more than 40 years, so potential owners should be aware of this fact and be ready to make a lifetime commitment before thinking of keeping some types of Snakes as pets.

Snakes frequently escape from their owner’s custody. They always look for small openings in their enclosures which will let them out of their captivity. Owners must be extremely careful in this regard and should make sure that their pet has an escape proof enclosure and that it is never left open unattended, even for a minute.

Snakes are carnivores. They do not eat vegetation at all. The favourite food for Snakes is rats and mice. Bigger Snakes are fed with squirrels, rabbits and other small mammals. Some species even eat insects and fish. When your pet Snake eats a small animal, it is advisable to kill the prey before it is given to the Snake. If this job is left to the Snake, it could be a risk to its life, depending on the type of prey. For example, rats and squirrels can be very vicious if they are trapped in the cage with a Snake and in fear for their life.

Usually Snakes that have been bred in captivity are an excellent choice as pets. Wild Snakes carry lots of diseases and parasites with them, get really stressed out during transportation and frequently are very difficult to tame.

King Snakes, Ball Pythons and Corn Snakes are popular choices as pets. Their diet and environmental needs aren’t as complicated as other species of Snakes. They are also smaller in size, but King Snakes can sometimes grow up to seven feet long. Ball Pythons have eating issues. They like to feed on live prey instead of pre-killed prey. Also, they sometimes stop eating food for months. Ball Pythons that have been bred in captivity have lesser eating issues. Before buying a Ball Python, the prospective owner should test whether the reptile eats dead prey or not, if the seller cannot provide this information.

The more challenging Snakes that can be kept as pets are Red-tailed Boas, Water Snakes, Burmese Pythons, any other Pythons and wild Snakes. The most dangerous of them are Burmese pythons. These are the Snakes that have been abandoned in the Florida everglades and are now endangering the alligators and humans native to this area. They can completely swallow a human being. So it is recommended that you have people around while feeding this reptile so that they can help if problems occur. Burmese Pythons are very strong Snakes and it would be very difficult, or next to impossible, for one person to free themselves from the Snake if captured in its grip. They grow more than twenty feet and weigh more than two hundred pounds. Even Red-tailed Boas grow up to ten feet and weigh more than fifty pounds. These Snakes are also difficult to manage by yourself. All these species demand the right temperatures and humidity in their environment.

Reticulated Pythons and Anacondas are extremely dangerous pets. It is not recommended that you keep these Snakes as pets. Another variety that could be fatal are venomous Snakes. They are not only a threat to the owner and family members, but also to people in the neighbourhood, if one of these type of Snakes escapes.

Snakes are also bred for their skin, which is used to make belts, bags, shoes, etc. They are also eaten as a delicacy in many countries including parts of the United States. In many of the Asian countries, the Snake’s meat and blood is consumed for medicinal purposes.

Mom and dad have talked to a number of people who own Snakes and asked them why they chose a Snake as a pet. The most common reply was that they found it extremely soothing to let the Snake slither through their fingers. The second most common reply was that they were fascinating to watch. So, if you want a Snake as a pet, check with your local pet store to see if they sell them and it they do, ask them if they can tell you the name or phone number of someone who has purchased a Snake from them. Contact this person and find out all the pros and cons of owning a Snake. Once you have done that and researched the requirements of the particular Snake you are interested in, then return to the pet store and get your new pet and all of the equipment that you will need to house it and the food you will need to feed it.

Until next time,

Teia

Unusual Pets: Skunks

Skunks are famous for their ability to produce foul smelling odour to defend themselves and to protect their prey from competitors. These mammals belong to the Mephitidae family. Eleven species of Skunks exist in the world today. These species are divided into four genera: Spilogale or spotted Skunks, Mydaus or stink badgers, Conepatus or hog-nosed Skunks and Mephitis or stripped and hooded Skunks. Skunks are found in North America, South America, the Philippines and Indonesia.

Skunks vary from forty centimetres to seventy centimetres in length and from one pound to ten pounds in weight. They have long front claws which help them to dig easily and have short muscular legs which propel their moderately long body in an waddling stride. Commonly, their fur is white and black in color, but there are Skunks with gray, brown and even cream coloured fur. Striped Skunks are striped from birth. Some Skunks have a thick stripe which runs from their tail to the top of their head, while others may have two thin stripes, broken stripes or white spots. Some skunk’s legs are also striped.

Some countries have laws about keeping Skunks as pets. It is legal to have a Skunk as a pet in Great Britain and Canada, but in some states in the United States it is illegal to have them as pets. So, if you live in the United States check with your state authorities before deciding to get a Skunk as a pet. Usually the mephitis genera are preferred as pets because they are more social than most other genera of Skunks. Before selling a Skunk, breeders usually remove the scent glands. Skunks usually live longer in captivity than they do in the wild. Their lifespan in captivity is from ten to twenty years. In the wild their average lifespan is three years with the occasional one living as long as ten years. Keeping Skunks as pets in not new. They were kept as pets by some of the Pilgrims and other early European settlers in the United States and there are reports that some native North Americans also kept Skunks as pets.

Skunks feed on both plants and animals, so they are called omnivorous animals. In addition to plants, they eat insects, earthworms, lizards, frogs, rodents, salamanders, snakes, moles, birds and eggs. When they cannot find meat, they feed on wild fruit and seeds. Some Skunks even feed on garbage in urban areas and this is where they frequently meet and spray dogs, much to the dismay of the dog‘s owner.

Skunks are crepuscular animals (active during twilight). Skunks stay aloof when not breeding, but stay in communal dens in the winter. They do not hibernate in the winter, but become inactive and do not eat on a regular basis. They live in burrows dug by them, man made pits, or natural pits, depending on what they can find in the area where they live. In winter, a huddle, with one male and up to twelve females, will live in a den. They frequently use the same den every year in the winter.

Skunks have superb hearing and smelling capabilities, but their vision is poor. They can not see clearly more than three meters. This is a factor in the numerous Skunks killed in road accidents. According to one study, nearly 50 percent of Skunks die due to road traffic, which is probably why few wild Skunks live longer than three years.

Skunks can carry rabies and it is reported that nearly thirty one percent of them are infected with it. However, there have not been many reported cases of humans catching rabies from a Skunk. The stink they can unleash if threatened is enough to ensure that most humans don‘t get close enough to them to be bitten. However, if you decide to keep a Skunk as a pet, they should be vaccinated to avoid any mishaps.

In the event that you do get bitten by a Skunk, clean the wound thoroughly with an antibacterial solution and water. If the wound is bleeding put a light gauze pad over the bite area and apply an ice pack to slow the bleeding. Seek medical help immediately and call the police or animal control and advise them that there is a possible rabid Skunk in the area. When you arrive at the doctor’s office or emergency department of the local hospital, insist that you be given a tetanus shot. Also request that a test be performed to see whether they can tell if you were exposed to rabies or not. If the Skunk is captured or killed, request that it be tested for rabies.

My mom had a Skunk for a pet when she was a teenager. It was a friendly animal, but even after having its scent glands removed, it still had that lingering musky smell. It’s hard to get friendly with an animal that has that kind of odour. Fortunately for mom, her sense of smell is very limited, so she didn’t notice it, but when dad met “Suzy” he wasn’t all that favourably impressed. A few weeks after mom and dad started dating, mom found a new home for “Suzy” so dad didn’t have to worry about her odour any more. He doesn’t know if all pet Skunks have an odour, because that is the only one he has been around. It could have been that the person who removed the scent glands didn’t do that good of a job.

If you do get a Skunk as a pet, you have to be careful with it because Skunks tend to over eat and if you over feed them they will become obese in a short period of time. This obesity will lead to medical problems, so make sure that you only feed the prescribed amount of food, or you will be faced with large veterinarian bills.

Until next time,

Teia

Unusual Pets: The Serval

Servals are wild African cats which are also known as Leptailurus Serval. Their most distinctive features are the tall oval ears which are placed very closely to each other. They are found in African countries which have water such as Ethiopia, Benin, Tanzania, Mozambique, Congo, Angola, Togo, Uganda, Transvaal, and Algeria.

The average length of the body of a serval is about thirty-four inches and the tail is about sixteen inches long. It can live from twelve years to twenty years. A Serval’s weight can range from twenty to forty four pounds. Its tawny fur has a pattern of round black spots. The servaline or female form, which is much smaller in size, has freckled spots. Servals have melanin in their skin which sometimes gives them the appearance of a black panther. Servals with white fur and grayish silver spots have shown up in captive born animals, but this is not very common.

Servals with the highest melanin content are found in mountainous areas, while the rest live in savannas, bush lands, marshlands, grasslands, reed bed marshes, bamboo forests and open woodlands. The serval is not able to live in desert or semi-desert areas because its habitat must have a body of water and the odd tree. Since its environment contains water and trees it has the ability to swim and climb trees, although it seldom does. Servals have the longest legs among wild cats when the body to leg ratio is considered. In addition to having long ears and legs, it also has a long neck which helps it to see its prey when it is hiding in tall grass. The hearing of a Serval is so sensitive that it can detect and track rodents which are moving underground. Servals increase their concentration while listening, by closing their eyes.

Before pursing its prey, a Serval pauses for a few minutes and listens to the animal’s movements. Servals rely on their hearing more than their visual capabilities. Servals have a characteristic hop which makes it easier for them to catch birds. They have terrific leaping and pouncing abilities. They can jump as high as sixteen feet and can make a horizontal jump of up to twenty feet with precise accuracy. They can even dig burrows and look for rodents deep in the ground. With all these abilities, Servals are very good hunters. In fact Servals have the highest success rate of all wild cats in catching their prey. Their average is 50% of attempts while most cats average near ten percent. Servals feed mainly on rodents, but also eat birds, fish, frogs, insects, rabbits, reptiles and hyraxes. Servals eat their catch really fast and sometimes when the prey is big, it will get caught in their throat, so they will have to cough it out and then eat it again. They do a lot of their hunting at night when their success rate increases to approximately 67%.

When kept in captivity, they need to be served one to three pounds of raw meat with bones every day. Their meat should never be cooked. In addition to their raw meat diet, which can be beef, turkey, or chicken, they can also be given premium natural cat food, canned tuna and canned salmon. Most Servals can be trained to use the litter box, but the occasional one never seems to master it properly. Owners who don’t have time to devote to training a Serval, shouldn’t consider getting one. Even after thorough training, the pet Serval sometimes has accidents and goes to the bathroom where it shouldn’t. Because Servals have a fascination with water, it’s better if the toilet lid is closed at all times.

The pregnancy period of the female Serval lasts from 66 to 77 days. When it is birthing time, the female will give birth to one to three kittens, although on very rare occasions as many as five kittens have been born. Servals usually use abandoned burrows as a den for giving birth, but if no burrow is available they will give birth behind a dense bush.

Because of human interference with the natural habitats of Servals, they are decreasing in numbers. They are also diminishing in numbers because of large scale hunting for their fur. As a result, they have been given a flag in the endangered species register as being threatened. Therefore, they are now being protected in many nations. If hunting them is not brought to an end, they could very well become extinct. They have now become rare north of the Sahara and extinct in the South African Cape. Some African nations will still allow them to be captured for the pet trade, but even that is diminishing because their numbers are becoming so low. The severe drought in many parts of Africa is also causing havoc with not only the Servals, but also many other species of wildlife.

Until next time,

Teia

Unusual Pets: Raccoons

Raccoons are sometimes called masked bandits because of the black fur near their eyes, which resembles a bandit’s mask. Their fur is usually white, black, grey and brown. They can be found in major parts of North America and Europe. Their native habitats are deciduous and mixed forests. Ever adaptable, they have also learned to live very well in big cities. When mom and dad lived in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, they were awakened one night by a noise in the back yard. Quietly looking out the upstairs bedroom window, they discovered a mother Raccoon showing her three kits how to open a garbage can and sort through the garbage for tasty tidbits.

Raccoons have five long fingers on each limb, which help them in easily opening latches, boxes and jars. They can even open trash cans and turn knobs on doors. Their prints have a close resemblance to a human baby’s handprints. In the wild, Raccoon tracks are found mostly in mud near water, where they usually wander when searching for food. Their body weight can vary from six to thirty-five pounds and the length of their body can vary from twenty-four to thirty-six inches. Their bushy tail measures up to ten inches in length and has an alternate coloring of white and black. The black circle around their eyes makes them look mischievous and gives them the image of a thief. That is substantiated by the fact that they are often sighted in urban areas stealing human garbage or eating some pet animal’s food.

Raccoons are omnivorous and apart from eating nuts, berries, corn, mice and human garbage, they also eat fish, shellfish, salamanders, eggs, birds, frogs, insects and amphibians. They have a habit of appearing to wash their food before consuming it, but these same actions are seen when they do not have any water. The actions are believed to be a way of feeling the food, although no one has yet determined why the motions look like washing something. However, if water is available, they will soak their food in it, especially those who live in captivity. Pet Raccoons can also be fed cat food, as they enjoy it very much. A female Raccoon gives birth to two to five offspring at a time. Raccoons mate in January or February, followed by giving birth in April or May. They don’t hibernate in winter, but do become much less active.

Besides rabies, Raccoons can also be the carriers of parvovirus, canine distemper and roundworm. Nearly thirty-eight percent of cases of rabies, in the United States, are the result of Raccoon bites. However, only one human death has been recorded in the United States from rabies contracted from a rabid Raccoon. If any Raccoon is spotted in your neighbourhood during the day, contact the local health department or the SPCA immediately as you definitely do not want to take the chance that it is rabid. Raccoons seldom show signs of rabies, but their body fluids will have the virus if they are infected.

It is illegal to keep Raccoons as pets in the majority of states in the United States because they could be a carrier of rabies which could risk human life. In states where they are permitted, a special exotic pet permit should be obtained before getting a Raccoon as a pet. Orphan Raccoons which are rescued from the wild have a higher risk of being rabies carriers, and because they are wild animals they will be very difficult to tame. If you get a Raccoon as a pet, it should be vaccinated. Raccoons can be bought from special breeders who will make sure that the animal has its first vaccination and that it has been tamed.

Raccoons have a natural tendency to bite so be careful when handling them. When dad was a teenager, his father cut down a tree for firewood. They discovered a baby Racoon in a nest in a hole in the tree. The baby Raccoon was small enough to sit on the palm of dad’s hand, but full of snarling, biting fury. Dad wore heavy leather gloves to feed the little fellow. He kept him about two weeks, but instead of getting more friendly, the baby Racoon became more vicious. It was decided that the baby Raccoon should be taken out to the forest behind dad’s home and released. When the little fellow was let out of the box he had been kept in he stalked away snarling. Every few feet it would stop, turn around and glare at dad and snarl ferociously. Finally after the baby Raccoon had gone about 50 feet, it climbed a tree, snarling all the way until it disappeared in the heavy boughs. This experience made dad realize that wild Raccoons, even baby ones, would make very poor pets. They also may contaminate the food of other animals you have by urinating on it. Raccoons are nocturnal by nature, so they require a lot of time and hard work. With training, they can be made to sleep at night and stay awake during the day.

Raccoons held in captivity face health problems like obesity because they do not get enough exercise and they have a ready source of food. Because Raccoons are omnivorous, they should be fed a diet consisting of vegetables, raw eggs, raw meat and fruit. If you decide that you want a Raccoon as a pet, it is a lifelong commitment because captive Raccoons cannot be released into the wild. Once they have become domestic pets, they cannot survive in the wild. Dad was able to release the Raccoon he found into the wild because it had never been domesticated.

Until next time,

Teia

Unusual Pets: Macaws

Macaws belong to the family of New World Parrots. They are extremely colourful and are the largest in the Parrot family. These birds inhabit the rainforests in Central America, tropical South America and Mexico. Some of them even live in savannas and woodlands. They are very intelligent birds. Macaws are known to live up to one hundred years, but on an average they live from fifty to seventy-five years. Mini Macaws live up to thirty years. The lifespan of a captive Macaw totally depends on the nutrition and care provided to it.

Although there are many species of Macaws, the most popular in the pet trade are Scarlet Macaws, Military Macaws, Blue and Gold Macaws and Hyacinth Macaws. Their size can vary from twenty inches to forty-two inches, which includes their long tail.

Macaws feed on fruits and nuts. In the wild they also eat clay, which neutralizes the effect of poisonous nuts and seeds, which they accidentally eat. In captivity, the bird can be fed vegetables, fruits, grains, dry fruits, nuts, ice cream, cheese, etc. Care should be taken that the total fat shouldn’t exceed ten percent, as that can be harmful for the bird. They are also known to chew on objects. Because of their intelligence and curiosity, they should be monitored constantly. Macaws make partners for life but the ones that are kept in captivity and don’t have a mate, usually bond with their owner. They feel the need of communication and hence, the owner should talk to the bird constantly. This is also a technique used for bonding with the bird. Macaws that aren’t interacted with suffer mentally and physically. They are not shy to new people. If a stranger is accompanying the owner, they do not hesitate to accept the new face and be friends with them. Macaws normally only bond with one person at a time. If for some reason the person they have bonded with is no longer available, they will bond with a new person. If at a later time the person they had previously bonded with returns, the bird will not have anything to do with that person. It is not known if this is “holding a grudge” or if it is just that they are only capable of bonding with one person at a time.

Sometimes, Macaws have some behavioural problems when kept in captivity. Because of stress development they start to pluck their feathers, bite and even scream. They also have a large beak, which they sometimes use to harm people around them. Their voices are quite loud and when they screech it can be heard over a mile away. Sometimes, when they get excited, even their vocalizations can be quite loud. Macaws can be taught to talk. “Bucko” mom and dad’s Blue and Gold Macaw had a large vocabulary. He even learned “Yabba-Dabba-Doo and a few other terms from watching the “Flinstones” cartoons on television. The best talking birds are the African Grey Parrots, closely followed by Amazon Parrots. However, some Macaws are very good talkers and so are some Cockatoos and some Cockatiels. Mom and dad have a Cockatiel that is more than twenty-eight years old and he can talk very well.

Macaws are extremely playful and active. For this reason their cage needs to be very big and strong as well. It should be big so that the bird can move around freely and it should be strong because the bird is very intelligent and stands a chance of escaping. They have a very strong beak and can snap a metal “Hot Wheels” toy car in half with one bite. The material used to make the cage should be stainless steel and the dimensions should be at least forty by forty-eight by sixty inches high. A cage of this size will cost from $500 to $800 depending upon where you live. The bird is very fond of chewing things, so the cage should have a number of wood pieces or toys, which the Macaw can chew on. Hanging toys and toys on which the bird can climb are also a good choice.

Macaws are considered an endangered species and five of the species have become totally extinct. The problem is deforestation, killing them as farming pests and illegal capture for the pet trade. Therefore, in some states in the United States it is only legal to sell Macaws which have been born in captivity. In other states, they are banned completely. In Canada, you can only have Macaws which have been born domestically. Macaws are great pets, but they require a lot of attention and a lot of work. It is like having a hyperactive one and one-half year old child. Mom and dad eventually had to find a new home for “Bucko” because as they got older, he was just too much for them to handle.

Until next time,

Teia

Unusual Pets - Crocodiles

Whenever I think of crocodiles I think of the late Steve Irwin, “The Crocodile Hunter,” whose life was tragically cut short. Whenever I hear the word crocodile I can see his big grin and wild mop of hair and hear him say, “Croiky that was close!”

Crocodiles belong to the Crocodylidae family, which also includes alligators and caimans. Crocodiles are huge aquatic reptiles that can be traced back thousands of years. Some live in fresh water bodies such as rivers, wetlands, lakes and brackish water and some live in salt water. The largest species live in salt water. They are found in Africa, Asia, Australia and America. Crocodiles are frequently confused with alligators, however, if you examine the head you can easily tell the difference. Crocodiles have a V shaped head and alligators have a U shaped head. As you can see from the above photo, the nose is very narrow when compaired to the width of the head at the eyes.

Crocodiles should only be considered for a pet by those who have past experience with dangerous exotic pets. They are certainly not recommended for beginners, or even intermediate pet owners. People that are interested in having a reptile for a pet should consider an agamid, gecko, skink, bearded dragon, or a small snake. Crocodiles are for very experienced hobbyists only. They are extremely difficult to handle and house and the expense to keep one as a pet is very large. Even small juvenile crocodiles become hard to handle after they reach one year of age. As they grow older, they become stronger and more dangerous. It is only after this that owners realize the harsh truth and release the crocodile illegally into the wild. This creates a very dangerous situation because the crocodile does not fear humans because of it past association, so it will become more confident and will attack humans whenever it gets the opportunity.

These reptiles are frequently underestimated. Until you have dealt with one, you cannot believe how strong and fast they are. You should have a lot of practice dealing with reptiles before attempting to handle a crocodile, and even then only when being supervised by an experienced crocodile handler. In fact, the larger the crocodile, the greater the number of people required to handle it. If an untrained or inexperienced team attempts to handle a crocodile, they will probably be seriously injured and possibly even killed. No amount of training can tame a crocodile. Unfortunately, most owners don’t realize this until they are attacked by their supposed pet. Each year owners of pet crocodiles are bitten and many pets are either killed or illegally let loose by owners who can no longer handle them.

Crocodiles have a streamline body, which facilitates swimming. While swimming, they tuck their limbs to the side of their bodies, which helps them to swim even faster as that decreases water resistance. Their webbed feet help them to make fast and sudden turns. The muscles that are involved in closing the jaw are so powerful that the jaw can shut with a pressure of five thousand pounds per square inch. Their teeth are very sharp and they use these to tear the flesh of their prey. In addition, they also have very sharp claws.

Fortunately, the muscles that are used to open the jaws are extremely weak. Therefore, in case of an attack, the victim should hold the jaw closed. That is the reason why, when the crocodile is being transported, the jaws are kept shut with big rubber bands made out of automobile inner tubes. The lateral movement of the neck is restricted by nature in this reptile, so when a human faces an attack on land, he can save himself by getting behind a tree and keeping the crocodile on the other side.

Crocodiles eat both vertebrates and invertebrates. For example, they eat mammals, reptiles, fish, crustaceans and molluscs. They can live from thirty years to more than one hundred years of age. Owners should be aware of this fact and make preparations in advance because there is a large possibility that the pet will outlive the owner. Full grown Crocodiles are from five feet to six feet in length and weigh over two thousand pounds. At birth they only measure twenty centimetres. This is one of the factors which tempt owners to keep them as pets. However, when they begin to grow, the owner panics and starts thinking of abandoning them with the above mentioned tragic results.

My recommendation is to leave crocodiles in zoos or in the wild and pick smaller more docile reptiles as pets.

Until next time,

Teia